Managing Business Ethics 1st Edition Making Ethical Decisions

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Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Part I: Introduction to Ethical Decision-Making—The Inpidual
1 A Commonsense Approach to Business Ethics
Introduction: Ethics Is Tough!
What Ethics Is About
Ethical Decisions and Ethical Dilemmas
Someone May Be Hurt
Intuition Versus Reasoning
A Commonsense Method of Making Ethical Choices: The Weight-of-Reasons Framework
Understanding the Framework
Medical Products: The Complicated Business of Addressing Risks
Medical Sales Call
Applying the Framework
Identify the Ethical Issue
Gather Information
Identify Options
Assess Consequences
Apply Principles
Take Short-Term Action
Arrive at a Long-Term Solution
Learn Lessons From the Situation
Beyond Your Intuitions
Some Pointers in Using the Framework
Step 1: Identifying the Issue
Step 2: Getting the Facts
Step 3: Identifying the Options for Action
Step 4: Assessing the Consequences
Step 5: Applying Principles
Step 6: Taking a Course of Action
Step 7: From Short-Term Fix to Long-Term Solution
Step 8: Learning From Experience
Use the Framework Organically
Summary and Conclusion
Key Terms and Concepts
Case Applications
Notes
2 Using Ethical Reasoning
Introduction: Approaches to Ethics
Utilitarianism
Defining Good and Bad Consequences
Two Versions of Utility
Criticisms of Utilitarianism
The Ford Pinto Case: A Teleological Error
Deontology: Rights and Duties
The Categorical Imperative
Criticisms of Deontology
Deontology and the Weight-of-Reasons Framework
Combining Utilitarianism and Deontology
Lockheed Bribery: Another Teleological Blunder?
Virtue Theory
Other Ethical Perspectives
Contract Theory: Justice and Fairness
The Ethics of Care
Summary and Conclusion
Key Terms and Concepts
Case Applications
Notes
3 Thinking, Fast and Slow: Ethical Intuitions and Reasoning
Introduction
Fast Versus Slow Thinking in Ethics
Self-Interest
Short-Term and Long-Term Gratification
The Case of the White-Collar Criminal Walter Pavlo
Cheating, but Just a Little
Perception of Being Ethical
Cognitive Biases
Ethical Intuitions
The Trolley Experiments: Fast Deontological and Utilitarian Thinking
Ethical Intuitions and Ethical Behavior
Combining Fast and Slow Thinking: The Weight-of-Reasons Framework
Summary and Conclusion
Key Terms and Concepts
Cases Related to the Reading
Case Applications
Notes
Part II: The Organizational Context for Ethical Decision-Making
4 Managing Social Influences on Ethical Decision-Making
Introduction
The Problem of Conformity
The Tale of Healthsouth Founder and CEO Richard Scrushy
The Psychological Foundations of Conformity
Obedience to Authority
Milgram’s Experiments
Consequences of Obedience to Authority
Conformity Due to Groupthink
Penn State Football Sex Abuse Scandal
Challenging Unethical Behavior in Organizations: Voice, Whistle-Blowing, and Exiting
Voice
Successful Voice: WorldCom
Examples of Failed Attempts to Close the Circle
Whistle-Blowing
Exiting
The Bhopal Leak
Bernie Madoff
Applying the Weight-of-Reasons Framework to Close the Circle
The Challenger Space Shuttle Disaster
Closing the Circle: Could the Challenger Disaster Have Been Averted?
Using the Framework and Closing the Circle
Summary and Conclusion
Key Terms and Concepts
Cases Related to the Reading
Case Applications
Notes
5 From Short-Term Fixes to Long-Term Solutions
Introduction
Building Learning Into Decision Processes
Systems Thinking
Both/And Thinking
Contradictions
Applying Both/And Thinking
Moral Imagination
The Process of Moral Imagination
The Added Value of Moral Imagination
Moral Imagination and the Weight-of-Reasons Framework
Team Decision-Making
Inquiry and Advocacy
Conditions for Effective Inquiry and Advocacy
Team Decision-Making and the Weight of Reasons
Ethical Decision-Making and Uncertainty: The Incremental Approach
Incremental Decision-Making and the Weight of Reasons
Ethical Learning Spirals
Enron: Learning From the Scandal
Summary and Conclusion
Key Terms and Concepts
Cases Related to the Reading
Case Applications
Notes
6 Building Ethical Organizations
Introduction
Ethics Programs
Codes of Conduct
Chief Ethics Officers
Reporting and Communication Systems
Whistle-Blowing at the SEC
Ethics Training
Financial Reporting Systems
Compliance-Based and Values-Based Ethics Programs
Dieselgate: Emissions Testing at Volkswagen
Diversity Programs
Ball Corporation
Ethics Programs and the Weight of Reasons
Ethical Organizations
The Formal Elements of an Ethical Organization
The Informal Elements of an Ethical Organization
Ethical Organizations: Bringing It All Together
Enron: The Accountants—David Duncan and Arthur Andersen
Summary and Conclusion
Key Terms and Concepts
Cases Related to the Reading
Case Applications
Notes
Part III: The Societal Context for Ethical Decision-Making
7 Legal Compliance and Beyond
Introduction
Legal Considerations and the Interests of Stakeholders
Existing Laws That Protect the Rights and Interests of Stakeholders
Shareholders
Dodge v. Ford Motor Co.
Martha Stewart and Insider Trading
Employees
Customers
Suppliers
Rana Building Collapse
Communities
The Natural Environment
Ethics Means Going Beyond Compliance
Approaches to Going Beyond Compliance
Moral Minimums
Corporate Social Responsibility
Corporate Citizenship
Sustainable Business
Amazon: Improving the Work Environment
Summary and Conclusion
Key Terms and Concepts
Cases Related to the Reading
Case Applications
Notes
8 The Role of Stakeholders in Ethical Decision-Making
Introduction
Stakeholders, Ethics, and Priorities
Shareholder Theory
Challenges to Shareholder Theory
Stakeholder Theory
O’Neill at Alcoa
Challenges to Stakeholder Theory
Does It Pay to Be “Good”?
Increasing Revenues
Sustainability and Profits at Patagonia
Lowering Costs
Managing Stakeholder Relationships
Cross-Sector Partnerships
Challenges in Making MSPs Work: The Chad–Cameroon Petroleum Development and Pipeline Project
Intel and Conflict Minerals
Stakeholders and the Weight-of-Reasons Framework
Summary and Conclusion
Key Terms and Concepts
Cases Related to the Reading
Case Applications
Notes
9 Ethics, Strategy, and Grand Challenges
Introduction
Addressing Grand Challenges Through Ethical Decision-Making
Grand Challenges and Business
Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank
Grand Challenges and the Weight of Reasons
Creating a Supportive Societal Context
Ethical Innovations to Address Grand Challenges: Three Approaches
Creating Shared Value
Serving the Base of the Pyramid
The Chotukool Refrigerator
Industry Transformation Through Entrepreneurship
Automobile Industry Innovation to Address Grand Challenges: Better Place and Tesla
The Theranos Scandal
Summary and Conclusion
Key Terms and Concepts
Cases Related to the Reading
Case Applications
Notes
Part IV: CASES
10 Cases
Introduction
Bayer: The Acquisition of Monsanto
BP: The Big Oil Spill: What Went Wrong
Dow–DuPont: The Bhopal Disaster
Facebook: Privacy and the Public Interest
Ford: Safety Recalls
General Mills: Nutrition
Google: Doing No Harm
Google: Problems With Sexual Harassment
Intel: Mobileye
Mallinckrodt: The Opioid Crisis
Merck and J&J: Problems With Consumer Safety
Microsoft: Addressing Bribery
VW: Dieselgate
Walmart: Sustainability
Wells Fargo: Can It Come Back?
Whole Foods: Conscious Capitalism
Further Readings
Notes
Glossary
Index